If you’re looking for the best premium heated pet beds to keep your furry friend cozy all winter, I can help. I’ve found top options with adjustable heat settings, rapid warm-up, and safety certifications like UL approval. These beds feature durable, washable materials and supportive designs to guarantee ultimate comfort. Whether you have a small cat or a large dog, there’s a perfect match for their needs. Keep going, and I’ll show you the most reliable choices to keep your pet warm and safe.
Key Takeaways
- Features adjustable heating levels and rapid heat-up for personalized warmth and quick comfort.
- Certified safe with overheat protection, UL or MET approval, and chew-resistant wiring for pet safety.
- Made from durable, washable materials like plush, fleece, or waterproof fabrics for easy maintenance.
- Designed with cozy, supportive features such as raised rims, plush interiors, and snug shapes for maximum comfort.
- Suitable for indoor use, ideal for small to medium pets, especially those with health issues or in colder climates.
INVENHO Heated Cat Bed for Indoor Cats and Small Dogs
The INVENHO Heated Cat Bed is a top choice for pet owners seeking a safe, customizable heating solution for indoor cats and small dogs. It features 11 adjustable temperature levels from 80-130℉, controlled via an easy-to-use LED display for precise settings. An upgraded thermostat and intelligent sensors prevent overheating, while safety features like spiral-wrapped wiring and UL-certified heating wires protect your pet. The waterproof, flame-retardant cover and removable, washable plush lining make maintenance simple. With a timer for energy efficiency and a cozy raised rim, this bed offers year-round comfort, ensuring your furry friend stays warm and secure indoors.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, adjustable, and easy-to-maintain heated bed for indoor cats and small dogs to ensure year-round comfort and safety.
Pros:
- Multiple adjustable temperature levels (80-130℉) for customized warmth
- Built-in safety features including thermostat, sensors, and UL-certified wiring
- Removable, washable plush lining for easy cleaning and maintenance
Cons:
- Size may not be suitable for larger pets or multiple animals sharing the bed
- Requires access to a power outlet for operation
- The adjustable settings and timer may be complex for some users to program initially
INVENHO Heated Cat Bed with Adjustable Temperature and Timer
If you’re looking for a heated pet bed that prioritizes safety and precise temperature control, the INVENHO Heated Cat Bed is an excellent choice. It features 11 adjustable temperature levels, easily set via an LED controller, ensuring your pet stays warm without overheating. The bed’s safety design includes a chew-proof spiral wire cover, waterproof and flame-retardant materials, and an intelligent sensor that prevents overheating. Plus, the built-in timer automatically turns off the bed after 1 to 24 hours, saving energy. Its removable, washable cover makes cleaning a breeze, and the durable construction guarantees long-lasting comfort and safety for your furry friend.
Best For: Pet owners seeking a safe, customizable, and easy-to-clean heated bed for cats or small dogs, especially those with joint issues or aging pets.
Pros:
- 11 adjustable temperature levels for precise and customizable warmth
- Built-in timer with auto shut-off to save energy and prevent overheating
- Durable, removable, and washable cover for easy maintenance
Cons:
- May be more expensive than basic heated pet beds due to advanced features
- Requires access to electrical outlet for operation
- Slightly complex setup with multiple safety features that might need familiarization
Large Pet Heating Pad with Adjustable Temperatures and Timer
For large pets that need reliable warmth and safety, the Large Pet Heating Pad with Adjustable Temperatures and Timer offers customizable comfort with 11 temperature levels and a quick 5-10 minute heat-up. It evenly distributes heat and features dual sensors to prevent overheating. The 7-layer safety design includes soft covers, waterproof PVC, and flame-retardant insulation, ensuring pet safety. An auto shut-off timer (1-24 hours or always on) enhances energy efficiency and safety. The chew-resistant cord and washable plush cover make it practical and durable. Perfect for big dogs or cats, it provides consistent warmth and comfort during colder months.
Best For: pet owners with large dogs or cats seeking a safe, adjustable, and easy-to-clean heating solution for year-round comfort.
Pros:
- Adjustable temperature settings with rapid 5-10 minute heating for customizable warmth.
- 7-layer safety design with dual sensors, waterproof materials, and chew-resistant cord for enhanced safety.
- Removable washable plush cover and large size suitable for big pets, providing consistent and gentle warmth.
Cons:
- Lacks UL or ETL certification, raising safety certification concerns.
- Some users find the price high relative to features offered.
- Durability concerns regarding scratching resistance and potential wire damage if not used properly.
K&H Pet Products Heated Cat Bed Indoor
Pet owners seeking a cozy, safe space for their indoor cats will appreciate the K&H Pet Products Heated Cat Bed, especially those with larger cats or small dogs. This spacious 14×18-inch bed features soft fleece and floppy sidewalls, offering security and comfort. Its waterproof, machine-washable fabric makes cleaning easy—just remove the heater first. The removable 4-watt heater provides gentle warmth, ideal for cold days, and sides can be folded down for extra comfort. Certified safe and thermostatically controlled, it automatically warms to your pet’s body temperature. Perfect for all seasons, it’s a stylish addition that keeps your furry friend cozy and relaxed.
Best For: Pet owners with larger cats or small dogs seeking a soft, warm, and safe indoor bed with easy maintenance.
Pros:
- Spacious 14×18-inch size suitable for larger pets and small dogs
- Soft fleece material with floppy sidewalls for security and comfort
- Waterproof, machine-washable fabric for easy cleaning and maintenance
Cons:
- Some users report the heater burning out or safety concerns over time
- The soft interior lining may tear or bunch after multiple washes or with active pets
- Not compatible with UK electrical standards without adapters, posing a safety consideration
K&H Thermo-Kitty Heated Cat Bed for Large Indoor Cats & Dogs
The K&H Thermo-Kitty Heated Cat Bed stands out as an ideal choice for large indoor cats and small dogs that crave cozy warmth and security. Its large, round design features soft foam walls and a plush pillow base, offering comfort and a sense of safety. The built-in dual thermostat and 4-watt heater automatically warm the surface to a safe, comfortable temperature, sensing your pet’s presence. It’s energy-efficient, with the heater consuming minimal power once warmed up, and the removable cover makes cleaning easy. Certified by MET Labs for safety, this bed provides peace of mind and cozy comfort all winter long.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, cozy, and energy-efficient heated bed for large indoor cats or small dogs that enjoy warmth and security during the colder months.
Pros:
- Safe, temperature-controlled heating with internal dual thermostat and UL safety certification
- Soft foam walls and plush pillow provide comfort and a sense of security for pets
- Removable, machine-washable cover makes cleaning easy and convenient
Cons:
- Potential safety risks if used improperly or from unverified sources, including melting or overheating
- May be too warm or emit buzzing noises if malfunctioning or not monitored initially
- Not suitable for outdoor use or households with children due to electrical safety considerations
K&H Thermo-Pet Heated Cat Bed for Large Cats
If you’re searching for a heated bed that comfortably accommodates large cats or small dogs, the K&H Thermo-Pet Heated Cat Bed is an excellent choice. It measures 17 x 15 x 13 inches, serving as both a cozy cave and tunnel with an easy-zip backdoor. The soft fleece interior and stylish polyester exterior create a warm, inviting space, perfect for all life stages. Safety is a priority; the 4-watt heater activates only when pets are inside, ensuring consistent, body-temperature warmth without overheating. It’s machine washable (heater removed first) and certified by MET Labs, giving peace of mind for safe, reliable comfort indoors.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, warm, and versatile indoor bed suitable for large cats, small dogs, and pets needing a cozy retreat.
Pros:
- Provides a heated, body-temperature safe environment that comforts aging or heat-seeking pets.
- Fully machine washable (heater removed first), making cleaning easy and convenient.
- Certified by MET Labs, ensuring safety and reliable electrical standards.
Cons:
- Not designed for outdoor use, limiting its application to indoor spaces only.
- Some users note the fabric may be floppy, requiring additional support like placing in a box to prevent tipping.
- Comes with a 2-pin American plug, which may require a transformer for international use outside North America.
Toove Heated Cat Bed Indoor
For owners of senior or arthritic cats, the Toove Heated Cat Bed Indoor stands out thanks to its customizable temperature settings and supportive design. It offers 11 adjustable heat levels, from 80°F to 130°F, so you can find the perfect warmth for your pet’s comfort. Its round, nest-like shape with raised rims provides head and neck support, while the ultra-soft filling relieves joint and muscle pain. Safe and durable, it features a chew-resistant wire, UL-certified heating, and a waterproof, flame-retardant cover. The easy-to-use LED controller, timer, and removable heater make it convenient and secure, ensuring your feline stays cozy all winter.
Best For: senior, arthritic, or hairless cats and small dogs up to 15 lbs seeking a customizable, safe, and comfortable heated resting spot.
Pros:
- Offers 11 adjustable temperature settings (80–130°F) for personalized comfort.
- Designed with supportive features like raised rims and ultra-soft filling to relieve joint and muscle pain.
- Equipped with safety features including chew-resistant wiring, UL-certified heating, and an auto shut-off timer.
Cons:
- May be too small for larger pets over 15 lbs.
- Requires electricity and a power source, limiting portability.
- The removable heater and electronic controls could be a potential failure point if not maintained properly.
GASUR Heated Cat Bed with Timer and Adjustable Temperature
GASUR Heated Cat Bed with Timer and Adjustable Temperature stands out as an ideal choice for pet owners seeking customizable warmth and safety. This waterproof, indoor heating pad is perfect for cats, small dogs, and recovering animals. Its 7-layer construction includes flame-retardant PVC, a soft velvet cover, and chew-resistant steel cords, ensuring safety. With 11 adjustable temperature levels and a 25-hour timer, you can tailor warmth to your pet’s needs. The dual sensors prevent overheating, and auto shut-off enhances safety and energy efficiency. Easy to clean thanks to its removable cover, this bed offers a cozy, secure haven during chilly months.
Best For: Pet owners seeking a safe, customizable heating solution for indoor cats, small dogs, or recovering animals during cold seasons.
Pros:
- 7-layer safety design with flame-retardant PVC and chew-resistant cords for enhanced pet safety
- 11 adjustable temperature levels and 25-hour timer for personalized warmth and energy efficiency
- Removable, washable cover for easy cleaning and maintenance
Cons:
- Designed primarily for indoor use; not suitable for outdoor environments
- May require careful setup to ensure optimal safety and temperature regulation
- Slightly more expensive than basic pet beds due to advanced features and safety measures
Heated Cat Bed for Small Cats
A heated cat bed designed specifically for small cats and kittens offers the perfect combination of cozy comfort and safety. Its plush donut shape provides a secure, relaxing space that cats love to curl up in. Made from high-quality polyester, it’s soft, durable, and suitable for all seasons, providing warmth during cold days and cooling on warmer ones. The adjustable thermostatic heating with multiple heat levels guarantees personalized comfort, while the automatic heating feature prevents overheating. Easy to clean with a removable, machine-washable pad, this bed is highly rated for its safety, comfort, and durability, making it ideal for your tiny feline friends.
Best For: small cats and kittens seeking a safe, cozy, and adjustable heated resting spot suitable for all seasons.
Pros:
- Provides customizable thermostatic heating with multiple heat levels for personalized comfort.
- Made from high-quality, durable, and odorless polyester material that is easy to clean.
- Features a removable, machine-washable heating pad with safety timers, ensuring convenience and safety.
Cons:
- May be less suitable for larger cats due to its size, despite some users noting it can accommodate bigger cats.
- Requires an electrical outlet, which could be inconvenient in certain locations.
- The plush material, while comfortable, may attract pet hair and require regular cleaning to maintain appearance.
Self Warming Cat Bed with Removable Cover and Non-Slip Bottom
The Self Warming Cat Bed with Removable Cover and Non-Slip Bottom is an excellent choice for pet owners seeking a safe, energy-efficient way to keep their cats cozy. It uses upgraded carbon-infused reflective material that captures and reflects pets’ body heat without electricity, making it ideal for indoor or outdoor use. The slim, flat design features a soft Sherpa-like fleece top and a non-slip base, ensuring stability and comfort. Easy to clean with a machine-washable cover, it’s perfect for small to medium pets, especially those with arthritis or recovering. Many owners praise its durability, softness, and the warmth it provides, making it a practical winter solution.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, energy-efficient, and cozy warming solution for small to medium cats and dogs, especially those with health issues or in cold environments.
Pros:
- Uses reflective heat technology, no electricity or batteries needed, reducing energy costs and safety concerns
- Removable, machine-washable cover makes cleaning easy and convenient
- Soft, high-quality materials provide comfort and are suitable for pets with arthritis or recovering
Cons:
- Subtle crinkle sound may disturb noise-sensitive pets
- Effectiveness may be limited in extremely cold outdoor conditions without additional heating
- May require patience and proper placement to encourage pets to use it regularly
K&H Pet Products Heated Dog Bed Indoor, Thermo-Snuggly Sleeper
If you’re looking for a cozy, safe indoor heated bed that offers both comfort and convenience, the K&H Pet Products Heated Dog Bed Indoor, Thermo-Snuggly Sleeper, is an excellent choice. Its cuddler style with soft foam walls provides a snug, supportive environment for your dog. The bed features a removable, waterproof heated pad controlled by a thermostatic 6-watt heater that warms only when your pet is inside. Certified by MET Labs for safety and energy-efficient, it also includes a washable cover and pillow for easy cleaning. Designed by K&H with over 20 years of experience, this bed ensures warmth, safety, and durability for your furry friend.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, energy-efficient heated bed that provides cozy comfort for small to medium-sized dogs indoors.
Pros:
- Thermostatically controlled 6-watt heater ensures safe, consistent warmth only when the pet is inside
- Removable, waterproof heated pad, cover, and pillow facilitate easy cleaning and seasonal use
- Certified by MET Labs for safety, exceeding electrical standards for indoor household use
Cons:
- May not feel warm to the touch when unoccupied, which could be less reassuring for some owners
- Suitable primarily for pets up to 50 lbs; larger dogs may require a bigger bed
- Requires electrical outlet and power source, limiting portability for outdoor or travel use
Cat Heating Pad with Thermostat & Waterproof Cover
For pet owners seeking a reliable and safe heating solution for their cats, the GOLOPET Cat Heating Pad with Thermostat & Waterproof Cover stands out as an excellent choice. It features a smart thermostat switch, rapid heating within 10 minutes, and a waterproof PVC cover for durability. Certified by MET and UL, it guarantees safety and quality. The pad offers adjustable temperatures from 80°F to 130°F and customizable heating durations, making it versatile for indoor use. Made of soft, washable velvet, it provides comfort, while built-in safety features like overheating protection keep your pet secure. Easy to operate, it’s perfect for keeping your feline cozy during winter.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, reliable, and adjustable heating solution to keep their cats and small pets warm and comfortable indoors or during cold weather.
Pros:
- Equipped with smart thermostat switch and rapid 10-minute heating, ensuring quick warmth.
- Certified by MET and UL for safety and quality, with built-in overheating protection.
- Made of soft, washable velvet cover that enhances pet comfort and is easy to clean.
Cons:
- The pad’s thin design may require placing on a cushion or blanket for added comfort.
- Limited to small pets like cats, puppies, and small dogs, not suitable for larger animals.
- Some users may find the adjustable temperature range or settings limited for very specific preferences.
Heated Cat Bed for Indoor Cats
A heated cat bed designed for indoor use stands out as an essential addition for pet owners seeking to keep their cats cozy and comfortable during colder months. This 20-inch electric bed features a round, donut shape with nest-like walls and a raised rim for head and neck support. Made from soft flannel and plush, it offers all-season comfort and relief for joint or muscle pain, especially for senior or hairless cats. The removable heating pad is energy-efficient, with adjustable settings and a timer for safety. Easy to clean and compact, it’s a reliable, cozy spot that many cats prefer over traditional beds, making winter warmer for your feline friend.
Best For: Pet owners seeking a cozy, safe, and supportive heated bed for indoor cats or small dogs up to 15 lbs, especially those with joint or muscle pain, senior, or hairless breeds.
Pros:
- Provides consistent, gentle warmth with adjustable temperature and timer for safety and comfort.
- Made from soft, plush, and flannel materials with a raised rim for head and neck support.
- Fully machine washable with a removable heating pad, offering easy cleaning and maintenance.
Cons:
- Some users report issues with the reliability of the heating pad or overheating concerns.
- The zipper securing the heating pad may not be tight enough, potentially affecting safety.
- May not feel warm to the touch unless the pet is inside, which could be a concern for some pet owners.
K&H Self-Warming Cat Bed Pad
The K&H Self-Warming Cat Bed Pad stands out as an excellent choice for pet owners seeking a safe, energy-efficient warming option without needing electricity. It uses self-heated technology that captures and radiates your pet’s body heat, creating a cozy, natural warmth. Measuring 21 x 17 inches, it fits easily on furniture, in crates, or on the go. Made from soft, plush microfleece, it offers a warm, inviting surface that cats love, with a slight crinkle sound that can attract curious pets. Durable, machine washable, and backed by a trusted brand, this pad guarantees comfort and safety all winter long.
Best For: pet owners looking for a safe, energy-efficient, and cozy warming solution for indoor or outdoor cats and small dogs.
Pros:
- Utilizes self-heated technology that requires no electricity, making it safe and energy-efficient.
- Made from soft, plush microfleece that provides a warm and comfortable surface pets love.
- Machine washable and portable, suitable for use at home or while traveling.
Cons:
- Slight crinkle sound may attract pets but could be bothersome to noise-sensitive animals.
- Size of 21 x 17 inches may not be suitable for larger pets.
- No additional heating elements, so it may be less effective in extremely cold environments.
K&H Thermo-Pet Lounge Sleeper Indoor Heated Pet Bed
When searching for a cozy, safe heated bed for your indoor feline or canine companion, the K&H Thermo-Pet Lounge Sleeper stands out with its thermostatically controlled heating pad. It offers plush, bolstered sides that create a snug, inviting space, providing warmth similar to a cozy sweater. Available in small and medium sizes, it’s perfect for pets up to 20 or 40 pounds. The heating pad only warms to your pet’s normal body temperature when in use, ensuring safety and comfort. Easy to clean and equipped with a non-slip bottom, this bed combines safety, convenience, and warmth—making it an excellent winter choice.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, heated indoor bed for small to medium-sized cats or dogs that provides warmth and comfort during colder months.
Pros:
- Thermostatically controlled heating pad ensures safe, consistent warmth only when the pet is present.
- Bolstered design with plush, soft surround offers enhanced comfort and a cozy space.
- Easy to clean with removable heating pad and machine washable plush bed.
Cons:
- Designed for indoor use only, limiting outdoor versatility.
- Available only in small and medium sizes, may not suit very large or extra-large pets.
- Requires electrical outlet and power source, which may not be convenient in all areas.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Premium Heated Pet Beds
When choosing a heated pet bed, I focus on safety features and precise temperature control to keep my pet secure and comfortable. I also consider how easy it is to clean, as well as the bed’s size, material, and durability to make sure it lasts and fits well. These factors help me pick the best option for my pet’s needs and safety.
Safety Features Importance
Choosing a premium heated pet bed requires careful attention to safety features that protect our pets from potential hazards. Essential safety elements include automatic shut-off, overheat protection, and UL certification, which prevent burns, electrical shocks, and overheating. Multiple protective layers, like flame-retardant materials and chew-resistant wiring, add extra security, especially for pets prone to biting or scratching. Built-in sensors help regulate temperature, ensuring the bed remains safe and comfortable without exceeding safe limits. Removable, washable covers help maintain hygiene and safety standards, while certifications verify that the bed meets strict manufacturing safety guidelines. Energy-saving features like timers and automatic shut-offs reduce fire risks and overuse, making sure the bed stays safe during extended use. Safety features are vital for peace of mind and your pet’s wellbeing.
Temperature Control Precision
Since precise temperature control is essential for your pet’s safety and comfort, it’s important to contemplate how well a heated bed can maintain consistent warmth. High-quality models often feature multiple adjustable levels, typically between 80°F and 130°F, so you can tailor the warmth to your pet’s needs. Advanced beds use built-in sensors and dual thermostats that automatically regulate heat, preventing overheating and ensuring a safe environment. Digital or LED controllers make it easy to set and monitor the exact temperature, often with clear indicators or timers for added convenience. The best beds offer fine adjustments in small increments—like 2.8°C or 5°F—giving you precise control over your pet’s comfort and safety throughout the winter months.
Ease of Cleaning
To keep your pet’s heated bed clean and hygienic, it’s important to look for models with removable, machine-washable covers or padding. This makes regular cleaning quick and effortless, guaranteeing your pet’s space stays fresh. Opt for beds with waterproof or water-resistant fabrics, which help prevent stains and simplify wiping away dirt. Zippered or snap-fastened covers are also convenient, allowing you to remove them without tools in seconds. Additionally, check if the heating pad or element can be detached easily for separate cleaning—this prolongs the bed’s lifespan and keeps it looking new. Prioritizing durable, stain-resistant materials ensures the bed can withstand frequent washing without damage, making maintenance less of a chore and keeping your furry friend comfortable and healthy.
Size and Fit
Selecting a heated pet bed that fits well involves more than just picking a size at random. You need to verify the dimensions suit your pet’s specific needs, giving enough space for comfortable stretching or curling up. Check the bed’s weight capacity and recommended pet weight to avoid choosing a bed that’s too small or oversized. Think about the shape—whether it’s donut, bolster, or flat—based on your pet’s sleeping habits and comfort preferences. Measure your pet’s length and height to find a bed that supports them without feeling cramped. Also, consider where you’ll place it—whether in a crate, corner, or open space—to make sure it fits properly within your home environment. Proper sizing is key to your pet’s comfort and safety.
Material and Durability
Choosing a premium heated pet bed means paying close attention to the materials and construction quality. I look for durable, tear-resistant fabrics like reinforced polyester, plush fleece, or waterproof PVC, which can handle scratching and regular use. The interior heating elements should be protected by multiple safety layers, including UL-certified wiring and flame-retardant materials, ensuring safety and longevity. Removable, washable covers made from sturdy, pet-friendly fabrics are essential for maintaining hygiene and extending the bed’s lifespan. Reinforced stitching and resilient zippers add to the durability, preventing tears over time. Additionally, waterproof and flame-retardant outer layers are a smart choice, especially if your pet tends to spill or the environment is prone to moisture. These factors ensure the bed remains safe, functional, and long-lasting.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Energy-Efficient Are Premium Heated Pet Beds Compared to Regular Beds?
Premium heated pet beds are generally more energy-efficient than regular beds because they use low-wattage heating elements that provide warmth without consuming much power. I’ve found that they keep my pet cozy while running on minimal energy, helping save on electricity bills. Plus, many have automatic shut-off features to prevent overuse. So, they’re an eco-friendly choice that keeps your furry friend warm without wasting energy.
Can Heated Pet Beds Be Used Safely Outdoors?
Yes, heated pet beds can be used outdoors safely if they’re specifically designed for outdoor use. I always look for beds with weatherproof materials and secure electrical cords to prevent water ingress. It’s essential to keep the bed in a sheltered spot and regularly check the wiring for damage. Properly chosen outdoor heated beds provide warmth and comfort, ensuring my pet stays cozy even in cold, damp environments.
What Is the Typical Lifespan of a Heated Pet Bed?
A heated pet bed typically lasts around 3 to 5 years, depending on the quality and how well you maintain it. I’ve found that regular cleaning and checking the cords for wear prolongs its lifespan. If you notice any malfunction or damage, it’s best to replace it promptly to keep your pet safe. Investing in a high-quality bed also helps ensure durability and continued comfort for your furry friend.
Are There Specific Safety Certifications for Heated Pet Beds?
Think of it as a warm hug for your pet; safety is key. Yes, many heated pet beds carry safety certifications like UL or ETL to guarantee they meet strict standards. These certifications act as a gentle assurance that the bed is designed with safety in mind, reducing risks of overheating or electrical issues. Always check for these labels before making your choice, so your furry friend stays cozy and secure.
How Do I Clean and Maintain a Heated Pet Bed Properly?
To keep your heated pet bed clean, I recommend removing the cover regularly and washing it according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the base, spot clean with a damp cloth and mild detergent, avoiding any electrical components. Always unplug the bed before cleaning, and verify it’s completely dry before plugging back in. Routine maintenance helps prolong its lifespan and keeps your pet safe and comfortable.
Conclusion
In the end, choosing the right heated pet bed is about finding that perfect snug spot for your furry friend. With so many great options, you’re sure to find one that keeps them cozy all winter long. Remember, a warm pet is a happy pet—after all, you don’t want them to be left out in the cold. When it comes to comfort, it’s better to be safe than sorry.
